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Battle of tannenberg significance12/8/2023 ![]() However, under the leadership of Hindenburg and Ludendorff, and a compliant Kaiser, the «spirit of 1914» was transformed into a war of conquest with vast annexations and indemnities. ![]() At the root of the Burgfrieden (political truce) of 1914 lay the notion of a short, defensive war 3. The «third» Supreme Command of Hindenburg and Ludendorff viewed the public as an inert mass, and failed to appreciate that public opinion could (and will) assert itself. ![]() Firstly, it was tied too intimately to German success on the battlefield secondly, under the State of Siege of 1914 the Commanding Generals of the 24 corps districts took control of the means of communications but failed to appreciate the critical mood of the homefront and lastly not all groups in Germany were prepared unconditionally to suffer food and social deprivations without concomitant political and social reform. 3 For an excellent analysis of the Burgfrieden and German public opinion at the outbreak of war, See (.)ģThree major problems hampered German war propaganda.The German government’s contempt for the ordinary people and its failure to recognize the need for domestic political reforms were major factors in undermining civilian morale 2. The government and the military had constructed the means to read the mood of the people, but failed to act upon what it read. I have argued elsewhere that the moral collapse of Germany was due less to the failure to disseminate propaganda than to the inability of the military authorities and the Kaiser to reinforce this propaganda by responding positively to public opinion thus forging an effective link between the leadership and the people. But the German government had, in fact, from an early stage in the war – certainly earlier than the Allies – developed a sophisticated notion of propaganda and its reception by different publics, and had established a national network of monitoring stations to provide feedback on the «pulse of the people». (.)ĢAdolf Hitler, writing in Mein Kampf, was scathing in his condemnation of German war propaganda and declared that Germany had failed to recognize propaganda as a weapon of the first order 1. The Sins of Omission (Athlone, Rutgers U. Welch, Germany Propaganda and Total War 1914-1918. Hitler devoted two chapters in Mein Kampf to the stud (.) Toutefois, en Septembre 1917, les rapports de l’OHL suggéraient que le programme «d’instruction patriotique» ne parvenait pas à combattre les perceptions négatives de la guerre et que le public considérait de plus en plus cette campagne comme de la «propagande bon marché». C’était la campagne de la dernière chance pour Ludendorff qui en assumait la responsabilité globale, du point de vue de sa conception comme de sa mise en œuvre. Quatre thèmes majeurs ont été identifiés: 1) les causes de la guerre 2) la confiance dans la victoire finale 3) la nécessité et l’importance du leadership et 4) l’ennemi. Pour combattre l’existante d’un fossé qui se creusait entre l’autorité de l’Etat et le sentiment populaire à propos de la guerre, le général Ludendorff lança en Juillet 1917 une grande campagne de propagande, appelée Vaterländische Unterricht (instructions patriotiques). Contudo em Setembro de 1917, os relatórios que chegaram à OHL deixavam perceber que o programa de «instrução patriótica» não tinha conseguido combater as percepções negativas da Guerra uma vez que o publico a via cada vez mais como «propaganda barata». Foi a última vez que Ludendorff lançou os «dados da propaganda» e assumiu a responsabilidade total tanto pela sua concepção como pela sua implementação. 3] A necessidade e a importância da liderança e 4] o inimigo. Foram identificados quatro grandes temas: 1]As causas da Guerra. Para contrapor aos relatos de um abismo cada vez maior entre a autoridade do Estado e o sentimento popular sobre a guerra, o general Ludendorff lançou uma grande campanha de propaganda em Julho de 1917 denominada Vaterländische Unterricht (instruções patrióticas). However by September 1917, reports coming in to the OHL suggested that the «patriotic instruction» programme was failing to counter people’s negative perceptions of the war as the public viewed it increasingly as «cheap propaganda». It was Ludendorff’s «last throw of the propaganda dice» and he assumed overall responsibility for both its conception and its implementation. 3] The Necessity and Importance of Leadership and 4] The Enemy. Four major themes were identified: 1] The Causes of the War. In order to counter reports of a widening gulf between state authority and popular feeling about the war, General Ludendorff launched a major propaganda campaign in July 1917 called Vaterländische Unterricht (patriotic instructions).
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